Spring soft wheat breeding laboratory

Departments and laboratories / Wheat Breeding Department

History of the Laboratory

The organization of breeding work in Northern Kazakhstan was started in 1936 with the formation of the Shortandy experimental station by breeder V. P. Kuzmin. Valentin Petrovich started breeding with many crops (about 29), but the main ones were: spring soft and hard wheat, winter rye, potatoes, flax, sunflower, millet, buckwheat, ginger, corn, barley, oats, spelt, sorghum, peas, chickpeas, beans, soy, lentils, alfalfa, lelemantia, oilseed poppy, Chinese radish, safflower, hemp, etc. In the first two decades, he carefully studied local breads and their botanical composition, as well as the ARIPG collection. As a result of studying the local forms of wheat and varieties of non-regional origin, the ecological type of the variety for this region was determined. The climatic conditions of the northern regions of Kazakhstan were more suitable for wheat of the West Siberian type. This ecological type of wheat, established by N. L. Udolskaya, is characterized by a long period of tillering and emergence into the tube, a spreading and semi-spreading bush shape, a powerful root system, dark green color and leaf pubescence. After waiting out the unfavorable conditions of spring and early summer, such varieties successfully develop at a later time, timing the earing phase to the maximum summer precipitation in mid-summer.

For the first time in Northern Kazakhstan, V. P. Kuzmin began crossing spring wheat with winter wheat as the most important source of productivity and cold resistance, used the selection of drought-resistant genotypes by the number of germ roots and introduced the term “rootedness”. The first variety of synthetic breeding in the North of Kazakhstan was Akmolinka 1. In 1945, Akmolinka 1 was zoned in the Northern regions of Kazakhstan and sown for more than 20 years. The acreage of Akmolinka 1 reached 3.5 million hectares.

Good results were obtained when high-yielding wheat varieties of local breeding were taken as the female parent during hybridization, in the genotype of which, in the process of step-by-step crosses, a number of valuable traits, including grain quality, were accumulated. In order to improve the technological qualities of the grain while maintaining high yield properties and climatic endurance, these varieties were crossed with the best varieties of winter and spring wheat of the world breeding.

One of the first varieties of strong spring soft wheat in the North of Kazakhstan was the Tselinogradka variety, obtained from crossing the hybrid variety of spring soft wheat Milturum 45 (ARRIGF) with winter wheat Cooperatorka (Ukraine). The Tselinogradka variety, which is the product of complex crosses, combines the positive properties of the best varieties of spring and winter wheat in Canada, Ukraine, Siberia and Kazakhstan.

In the future, under the leadership of Academician V. P. Kuzmin, varieties of spring soft wheat were created – Akmolinka 1, Akmolinka 5, Snegurka, Shortandinka, Tselinogradka, Pirotrix 28, Tselinnaya 21.

At the present stage of scientific and technological progress in agriculture, the role and importance of the variety has significantly increased. High demands are placed on the varieties. The variety must meet the modern level of mechanization, chemization, and the entire complex of agrotechnical techniques aimed at its cultivation. Otherwise, the material and spiritual costs of its cultivation will not be recouped by the products or the cost will be too high.

The talented breeder V. K. Movchan successfully applied the method of crossing winter varieties with spring varieties, tested for the first time in Northern Kazakhstan by academician V. P. Kuzmin when creating varieties of spring soft wheat Astana and Akmola 2. Movchan V. K. transformed winter wheat varieties into spring wheat, and then used them as female parent during breeding.

In 1998, a new variety of Akmola 2 was approved for use in the Akmola and North Kazakhstan regions. The variety was developed by breeding the transformed line Lutescens M 808 (from the winter variety Mironovskaya 808) with the spring variety Tselinnaya 60 and combines high productivity and drought resistance. The maximum yield obtained in the competitive variety testing in 2011 was 42.2 c/ha. According to the 2008 environmental test in the North Kazakhstan AES, the Akmola 2 variety exceeded the Omsk 19 standard in yield by 1.3 c / ha, forming a yield of 28.7 c/ha.

The variety is medium-ripe, resistant to lodging, has high flour-baking qualities of grain: gluten content-28-33%, protein-15-17%, flour strength-304-471 e. a., the overall baking score-4.0-4.5 points. The variety is accepted as a standard in the Akmola region. In 2018, the acreage under the variety Akmola 2 amounted to more than 1.3 million hectares.

The Astana variety was obtained by breeding I-2959 on Tselinnaya 90 (Lutescens I-2959 was obtained from the winter wheat variety Ilyichevka). Astana matures 1-3 days earlier than the standard of Akmola 2. The variety successfully combines precocity and yield. The maximum yield obtained in the competitive variety testing in 2011 was 37.1 c / ha. According to the environmental test in 2008, in the North Kazakhstan AES, Astana exceeded the Omsk 19 standard in yield by 1.1 c / ha, forming a yield of 28.5 c/ha.

The Astana variety is favorably distinguished by drought resistance, strong aligned stem, friendly maturation and resistance to dusty smut and hidden stem pests, has high grain quality: nature-780-810 g/l, vitreous-60-70%, gluten content-31-38%, protein-15-17%, flour strength-300-500 e. a., general baking score-4.3 - 4.8 points. The acreage under the Astana variety in 2018 amounted to 839 thousand hectares. Since 2004, the variety has been approved for use in the Akmola and North Kazakhstan regions.

When breeding the Shortandinskaya 95 improved variety (A. S. Yermilov, R. N. Okovitaya, A. T. Babkenov, etc.), the wheat varieties Tselinnaya 21, Pirotrix 28, created by academician V. P. Kuzmin, were used.

This variety was obtained by mass selection from a hybrid population of Pirotrix 28 / Justin / / Tselinnaya 21 / 3 / Tselinnaya 60 / Lutescens 57-76. A medium-late ripening variety. The growing season is 95-100 days, has a complex of economically valuable characteristics: high-yielding, drought-resistant, coarse-grained, resistant to lodging, resistance to diseases and pests at the level of the Virgin Jubilee standard. A characteristic feature is a well-developed leaf apparatus and a strong straw. According to the environmental test in the North Kazakhstan AES, when sowing by fallow for 2007-2008, the yield of Shortandinskaya 95 improved was 23.3 c / ha, which is higher by 1.7 c/ha than that of the Omsk 19 standard. The maximum yield obtained in 2011 was 45.1 c / ha. The variety Shortandinskaya 95 improved forms the content of vitreous at the level of 60-70%, the nature of the grain-780-800 g/l, the protein content-15-16%, the content of raw gluten-30-32%, the quality of gluten-60-75 FDM units. In terms of technological and baking qualities, it is not inferior to the standard variety Tselinnaya Yubileynaya and belongs to the group of “strong” wheat. Acreage in 2018 reached 1.2 million hectares. Since 2006, the variety has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Akmola and North Kazakhstan regions.

V. P. Kuzmin wrote that “to create a good material in terms of plasticity and fitness allows the selection and evaluation of varieties on variable agrotechnical backgrounds at different sowing dates: a) pure fallow, with optimal sowing times, and b) early sowing in the cold...”.

Currently, the breeding department of spring soft wheat studies the issues of ecological plasticity and stability of newly created varieties, the study of promising and hybrid material is carried out on three agricultural backgrounds, contrasting in water and food regimes of the soil. Saturating breedings are carried out, in order to create a starting material that is resistant to brown and stem rust septoria. At the final stages of the breeding process in the CVT nursery, several promising lines are tested that are resistant to brown and stem rust, as well as combining high yield, drought resistance, early maturity and grain quality.

In 2018, a new variety of spring soft wheat was created called-Taimas, which means in Kazakh – steadily going to the goal.

This variety was obtained by crossing the Duet variety on the 101/94-1 line. Variety-erythrospermum (erythrospermum). The variety is of the medium-ripened type of maturation. The variety is resistant to drought in all phases of development, which ensures high productivity. Resistant to lodging. Moderately resistant to brown rust. The variety is high-yielding, on average, for three years of testing in the CVT nursery, it formed a yield of 25.5 c / ha, exceeding the standard of Akmola 2 by 2.5 c / ha. In the production variety test, the Taimas variety exceeded the standard of Akmola 2 by 6.3 c / ha, with the yield of the standard variety of 21.7 c / ha. According to the environmental test in 2018 in the “North Kazakhstan AES” LLP, the yield of the new variety averaged 35.2 c / ha, which is 2.5 c / ha higher than that of the standard variety Omskaya 35. In terms of grain quality, the variety exceeds the standard of Akmola 2 in terms of such indicators as protein content-15.7 %, gluten content-32.3 %, specific work of dough deformation-297 e. a., in the standard variety of Akmola 2: 13.8%; 30.1 %; 277 e. a., respectively. According to other quality indicators, it is at the level of Akmola 2: natural weight-785 g/l, vitreous-54 %, gluten quality-80 units. FDM and the overall baking score – 4.6 points; the standard – 793 g / l; 53 %; 76 units. FDM and 4.5 points, respectively. The variety is resistant to shedding and is suitable for mechanized harvesting. It is promising for cultivation in the Northern regions of Kazakhstan.

Thus, for 85 years of breeding work in the SPC GF named after A. I. Barayev for spring soft wheat, 27 varieties were created and zoned. Scientific application and purposeful use of the rich heritage left by Academician V. P. Kuzmin allows breeders to create highly productive varieties of this valuable crop.

Research and innovation activities

The spring soft wheat breeding laboratory is a scientific division of SPC GF named after A. I. Barayev LLP, the main direction of research is: Creation of competitive varieties of spring soft wheat resistant to abiotic and biotic environmental factors for the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. Another important area is the propagation of spring soft wheat varieties included in the state register of breeding achievements of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
To provide agricultural producers with competitive, high-yielding, high-quality grain varieties of spring wheat adapted to the conditions of our region, it is necessary:
1) Creation of precocious varieties of spring wheat.
2) Creating varieties of spring wheat with high grain quality.
3) Creation of spring wheat varieties resistant to rust diseases and septoria.

Achievements of breeding work

The effectiveness of breeding work
No.	Varieties	Ripeness type	Implementation place	Year
1	Akmolinka 1	middle-late	Northern regions of Kazakhstan	1945
2	Shortandinka	middle-late	Northern regions of Kazakhstan	1951
3	Snegurka	middle-late	Northern regions of Kazakhstan	1957
4	Tselinogradka	middle-late	Tselinograd region	1967
5	Pirotrix 28	middle-late	Novosibirsk region (Russia)	1973
6	Shortandinskaya 25	mid ripening	Torgai region	1976
7	Tselinnaya 20	middle-late	Altai Territory (Russia)	1978
8	Tselinnaya 21	middle-late	Kostanay and East Kazakhstan regions	1980
9	Tselinnaya 26	mid ripening	Omsk (Russia) and East Kazakhstan region	1986
10	Tselinnaya 60	mid ripening	Altai Territory (Russia)	1988
11	Tselinnayayubileinaya	middle-late	Akmola, North Kazakhstan, Kostanay, Pavlodar regions.	1988
12	Erythrospermum 35	middle-late	Akmola, Kostanay, North Kazakhstan, Karaganda region	1991
13	Tselinnaya 24	middle-early	Akmola region	1993
14	Tselinnaya 3с	mid ripening	Akmola, North Kazakhstan, Kostanay regions	1996
15	Akmola 2	mid ripening	Akmola, North Kazakhstan region	1998
16	Kenzhegali	middle-late	Akmola region	1998
17	Astana	middle-early	Akmola, North Kazakhstan region	2004
18	Shortandinskaya 95 improved	middle-late	Akmola, North Kazakhstan region	2006
19	Astana 2	mid ripening	North-Kazakhstan, East-Kazakhstan regions	2008
20	Baiterek	mid ripening	East Kazakhstan region	2008
21	Tselina 50	mid ripening	Akmola, Karaganda regions	2010
22	Shortandinskaya 2007	mid ripening	West Kazakhstan region	2012
23	Asyl sapa	mid ripening	Akmola, North Kazakhstan region	2015
24	Shortandinskaya 2012	middle-early	Akmola, Kostanay, Pavlodar, North Kazakhstan	2015
25	Tauelsizdik 20	middle-early	Akmola, Kostanay, North Kazakhstan regions	2016
26	Oral	mid ripening	West Kazakhstan region	2016
27	Shortandinskaya2014	mid ripening	Akmola, Kostanay, North Kazakhstan regions	2017

In 2020, the spring wheat varieties selected in the “SPC GF named after A. I. Barayev” LLP were cultivated on an area of more than 3.5 million hectares. In the Akmola region, the varieties of “SPC GF named after A. I. Barayev” LLP occupy 70.3%, in North Kazakhstan-32.2%, in Karaganda – 12.8%, in Kostanay region – 4.0%, and in Pavlodar region – 5.5% of the sown area of wheat.

Growing	Variety	Akmola region	NKR	Karaganda region	Kostanai region	Pavlodar region	Total
spring soft wheat	Astana	773,6	319,5	1,2	2,7	8,1	1105,1
	Shortandinskaya 95 improved	804,4	144,3	0,4	84,2	27,4	1060,7
	Akmola 2	726,7	79,0	-	34,5	-	840,2
	Tselina 50	-	-	1,4	-	-	1,4
	Astana 2	202,4	87,6	-	-	-	290,0
	Shortandinskaya 2012	47,6	31,7	85,5	11,2	-	176,0
	Asyl sapa	3,5	-	-	-	-	3,5
Total		2600,7	742,9	88,5	135,1	35,5	3602,7
Total by region.		3698,7	2303,9	691,1	3439,2	643,4	10 776,3
% of our varieties		70,3	32,2	12,8	4,0	5,5	33,4

The spring soft wheat breeding laboratory is equipped with the necessary devices and equipment for high-quality research:
1) breeding seeders-SSFC-7, SCS 6-10
2) selection combines-WINTERSTEIGER Classic and Delta
3) Laboratory seed cleaning and sorting machine-SLN 3
4) thermostat for seed germination, etc.
Contacts
Kairzhanov Ye.К. Cell phone: +7 707 177 03 31, e-mail: yelzhas_90@mail.ru

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